The Beja treebank contains 684 words if we count both stems and clitics; 39% of words are clitics. The
treebank contains 244 affixes for 418 stems, or a proportion of 58%. 59% of them are suffixes and 41%
prefixes. 88% of the affixes are on verbs, 7% on nouns, and 5% on auxiliaries. All affixes on nouns are
suffixes. Not all inflectional morphemes are affixes: 44% of the stems are in fact inflected forms,
containing an inseparable inflectional morpheme, which increases the proportion of inflectional
morphemes to 102% (102 inflectional morphemes for 100 stems).
Beja is a head-final language: only 11% of the dependencies between two stems have the governor
before the dependent in the SUD version of the treebank. Among the 31 dependencies concerned, 11
are for modifiers, 6 for discourse markers, 4 for dislocated objects, 2 for objects in canonical position,
and 2 for determiners. Clitics occur on both sides: 47% are proclitics and 53% are enclitics. Clitics are
mainly on verbs (56%) and nouns (38%). Clitics on nouns are determiners (70%), possessives (15%),
postpositions (11%), and coordinating conjunctions (3%). Clitics on verbs are subordinating
conjunctions (35%), object pronouns (25%), coordinating conjunctions (14%), an optative particle (2%),
and, on nominalized forms, determiners (15%) and copulas (8%).
Beja adpositions are postpositions, either as independent words (Figure 10) or as enclitics
(Figure 11)
enclitics :
sent_id = BEJ_MV_NARR_01_shelter_065-070
#
text = bak ʔabk -i -n i- ni =oː =hoːb / hoːj sallam -am -an =t // ontʔa / doːr =ka toː= ʃa kitʔ -a =t tam -a =t ni- ki /
#
text_wb = bak ʔabkin ini =oː =hoːb / hoːj sallamaman =t // ontʔa / doːr =ka toː= ʃa kitʔa =t tama =t niki /
#
text_en = when he told me: “So take it like that!”, I took it from him, and then, we would cut and eat the meat in turn [and]
#
phonetic_text = bak ʔabkin ijoːhoːb / hoːj sallamamant // ontʔa / doːrka toːʃa kitʔat tamat niki /
#
1 bak _ PART DEICT _ 2 mod _ AlignBegin=58718|AlignEnd=58986|GE=thus|Gloss=thus|RX=[DEICT].[MNR]|TokenType=Stem
2 ʔabk _ VERB V1 VerbClass=1 4 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=58986|AlignEnd=59075|GE=take|Gloss=take|ReportedSpeech=Yes|RX=[V1]|TokenType=Stem
3 -i _ PRON TAM, PNG Gender=Fem|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing 4 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=59075|AlignEnd=59164|GE=-[IMP].[SG].[F]|RX=-[TAM].[PNG]|TokenType=InflAff
4 -n _ AUX SUFX _ 6 parataxis:obj _ AlignBegin=59164|AlignEnd=59254|GE=-[EMPH]|RX=-[SUFX]|TokenType=InflAff
5 i- _ PRON PNG Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=59254|AlignEnd=59321|GE=[3SG].[M]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
6 ni _ VERB V1, IRG Aspect=Perf|VerbClass=1 8 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=59321|AlignEnd=59388|GE=say[PFV]|Gloss=say|RX=[V1].[IRG]|TokenType=Stem
7 =oː _ PRON PRO Number=Sing|Person=1 6 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=59388|AlignEnd=59455|GE==[OBJ].[1SG]|RX==[PRO]|TokenType=Clit
8 =hoːb _ SCONJ CONJ _ 12 mod _ AlignBegin=59455|AlignEnd=59522|GE==when|Gloss==when|RX==[CONJ]|TokenType=Clit
9 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 8 punct _ AlignBegin=59522|AlignEnd=59790|TokenType=Break
10 hoːj _ PRON PRO Case=Abl 12 comp:obl _ AlignBegin=59790|AlignEnd=60157|GE=[ABL].[3]|RX=[PRO]|TokenType=Stem
11 sallam _ VERB V2 VerbClass=2 12 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=60157|AlignEnd=60248|GE=give|Gloss=give|RX=[V2]|TokenType=Stem
12 -am _ AUX V2 VerbClass=2|Voice=Mid 23 conj:coord _ AlignBegin=60248|AlignEnd=60340|DerPos=VERB|GE=-[MID]|RX=-[V2].[DER]|TokenType=DerAff
13 -an _ PRON TAM, PNG Aspect=Pfv|Number=Sing|Person=1 12 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=60340|AlignEnd=60432|GE=-[PFV].[1SG]|RX=-[TAM].[PNG]|TokenType=InflAff
14 =t _ CCONJ CCONJ _ 12 cc _ AlignBegin=60432|AlignEnd=60524|GE==[COORD]|RX==[CONJ]|TokenType=Clit
15 // _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 12 punct _ AlignBegin=60524|AlignEnd=61267|TokenType=Break
16 ontʔa _ PART PTCL _ 4 discourse _ AlignBegin=61267|AlignEnd=61443|GE=now|Gloss=now|RX=[PTCL]|TokenType=Stem
17 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 16 punct _ AlignBegin=61443|AlignEnd=61620|TokenType=Break
18 doːr _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 19 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=61620|AlignEnd=61844|GE=time|Gloss=time|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
19 =ka _ ADP POSTP Case=Dis 22 mod _ AlignBegin=61844|AlignEnd=62068|GE==[DISTR]|RX==[POSTP]|TokenType=Clit
20 toː= _ DET DET Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 21 det _ AlignBegin=62068|AlignEnd=62292|GE=[DEF].[SG].[F].[ACC]=|RX=[DET]=|TokenType=Clit
21 ʃa _ NOUN N Gender=Fem 22 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=62292|AlignEnd=62517|GE=meat|Gloss=meat|RX=[N].[F]|TokenType=Stem
22 kitʔ _ VERB V1 VerbClass=1 23 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=62517|AlignEnd=62666|GE=cut|Gloss=cut|RX=[V1]|TokenType=Stem
23 -a _ SCONJ CVB Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Conv 26 conj:coord _ AlignBegin=62666|AlignEnd=62816|GE=-[CVB].[MNR]|RX=-[PRF]|TokenType=InflAff
24 =t _ DET DET Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem 23 det _ AlignBegin=62816|AlignEnd=62966|GE==[INDF].[F]|RX==[DET]|TokenType=Clit
25 tam _ VERB V2 VerbClass=2 26 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=62966|AlignEnd=63115|GE=eat|Gloss=eat|RX=[V2]|TokenType=Stem
26 -a _ SCONJ CVB Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Conv 29 comp:pred _ AlignBegin=63115|AlignEnd=63264|GE=-[CVB].[MNR]|RX=-[PRF]|TokenType=InflAff
27 =t _ DET DET Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem 26 det _ AlignBegin=63264|AlignEnd=63414|GE==[INDF].[F]|RX==[DET]|TokenType=Clit
28 ni- _ PRON PNG Number=Plur|Person=1 29 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=63414|AlignEnd=63638|GE=[1PL]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
29 ki _ AUX AUX Aspect=Perf 0 root _ AlignBegin=63638|AlignEnd=63863|GE=become[PFV]|Gloss=become|RX=[AUX].[PRF]|TokenType=Stem
30 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 29 punct _ AlignBegin=63863|AlignEnd=65384|TokenType=Break
independant words : # sent_id = BEJ_MV_NARR_01_shelter_015-024
text = mhiːn / i- muːki =eːb oː= biri hariw -eː / liːlaːw -i geːb // kirra -jaː =b iː- ktiː -na i= bʔaɖ i- sini =joː =hoːb / i= mbʔaɖ -i whiː / a- sʔa i- ni //
#
text_wb = mhiːn / imuːki =eːb oː= biri hariweː / liːlaːwi geːb // kirrajaː =b iːktiːna i= bʔaɖ isini =joː =hoːb / i= mbʔaɖi whiː / asʔa ini //
#
text_en = Looking for a place where to take refuge from the rain, when I found the wrapped straw mats (a straw tent) next to a rock, I sat down under the tent", he said.
#
phonetic_text = mhiːn / imuːkjeːb oːbiri harweː / liːlaːwi geːb // kirrajaːb iːktiːna ibʔaɖ isinijoːhoːb / imbʔaɖi whiː / asʔa ini //
#
1 mhiːn _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 8 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=9063|AlignEnd=9336|GE=place|Gloss=place|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
2 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ AlignBegin=9336|AlignEnd=9609|TokenType=Break
3 i- _ PRON PNG Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=9609|AlignEnd=9744|GE=[3SG].[M]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
4 muːki _ VERB V1 Aspect=Aor|VerbClass=1 5 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=9744|AlignEnd=9880|GE=take_shelter[INT].[AOR]|Gloss=take_shelter|RX=[V1].[DER]|TokenType=Stem
5 =eːb _ SCONJ CONJ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 mod@relcl _ AlignBegin=9880|AlignEnd=10016|GE==[REL].[SG].[M]|RX==[CONJ]|TokenType=Clit
6 oː= _ DET DET Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 det _ AlignBegin=10016|AlignEnd=10220|GE=[DEF].[SG].[M].[ACC]=|RX=[DET]=|TokenType=Clit
7 biri _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 4 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=10220|AlignEnd=10424|GE=rain|Gloss=rain|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
8 hariw _ VERB V1 VerbClass=1 9 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=10424|AlignEnd=10627|GE=seek|Gloss=seek|RX=[V1]|TokenType=Stem
9 -eː _ SCONJ CVB VerbForm=Conv 24 mod _ AlignBegin=10627|AlignEnd=10831|GE=-[CVB].[SMLT]|TokenType=InflAff
10 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 9 punct _ AlignBegin=10831|AlignEnd=12268|TokenType=Break
11 liːlaːw _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 12 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=12268|AlignEnd=12410|GE=rock|Gloss=rock|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
12 -i _ ADP CASE Case=Gen 13 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=12410|AlignEnd=12552|GE=-[GEN]|RX=-[CASE]|TokenType=InflAff
13 geːb _ ADP POSTP _ 24 mod _ AlignBegin=12552|AlignEnd=12836|GE=beside|Gloss=beside|RX=[POSTP]|TokenType=Stem
14 // _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 13 punct _ AlignBegin=12836|AlignEnd=13350|TokenType=Break
15 kirra _ VERB V1 VerbClass=1 16 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=13350|AlignEnd=13477|GE=cover|Gloss=cover|RX=[V1]|TokenType=Stem
16 -jaː _ SCONJ CVB Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Conv 19 comp:aux _ AlignBegin=13477|AlignEnd=13604|GE=-[CVB].[MNR]|RX=-[PRF]|TokenType=InflAff
17 =b _ DET DET Case=Acc|Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc 16 det _ AlignBegin=13604|AlignEnd=13732|GE==[INDF].[M].[ACC]|RX==[DET]|TokenType=Clit
18 iː- _ PRON PNG _ 19 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=13732|AlignEnd=13859|GE=[3]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
19 ktiː _ AUX AUX Aspect=Perf 22 mod@relcl _ AlignBegin=13859|AlignEnd=13987|GE=become[AOR]|Gloss=become|RX=[AUX].[PRF]|TokenType=Stem
20 -na _ PRON PNG Number=Plur 19 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=13987|AlignEnd=14115|GE=-[PL]|RX=-[PNG]|TokenType=InflAff
21 i= _ DET DET Definite=Def|Gender=Masc 22 det _ AlignBegin=14115|AlignEnd=14306|GE=[DEF].[M]=|RX=[DET]=|TokenType=Clit
22 bʔaɖ _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 24 subj _ AlignBegin=14306|AlignEnd=14497|GE=mat|Gloss=mat|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
23 i- _ PRON PNG Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 24 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=14497|AlignEnd=14592|GE=[3SG].[M]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
24 sini _ VERB V1 Aspect=Perf|VerbClass=1 26 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=14592|AlignEnd=14688|GE=wait[PFV]|Gloss=wait|RX=[V1]|TokenType=Stem
25 =joː _ PRON PRO Number=Sing|Person=1 24 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=14688|AlignEnd=14784|GE==[OBJ].[1SG]|RX==[PRO]|TokenType=Clit
26 =hoːb _ SCONJ CONJ _ 34 mod _ AlignBegin=14784|AlignEnd=14880|GE==when|Gloss==when|RX==[CONJ]|TokenType=Clit
27 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 26 punct _ AlignBegin=14880|AlignEnd=16106|TokenType=Break
28 i= _ DET DET Definite=Def|Gender=Masc 30 det _ AlignBegin=16106|AlignEnd=16214|GE=[DEF].[M]=|RX=[DET]=|TokenType=Clit
29 mbʔaɖ _ NOUN N Gender=Masc 30 comp:aff _ AlignBegin=16214|AlignEnd=16322|GE=mat|Gloss=mat|RX=[N].[M]|TokenType=Stem
30 -i _ ADP CASE Case=Gen 31 comp:obj _ AlignBegin=16322|AlignEnd=16431|GE=-[GEN]|RX=-[CASE]|TokenType=InflAff
31 whiː _ ADP POSTP _ 34 comp:obl _ AlignBegin=16431|AlignEnd=16756|GE=under|Gloss=under|RX=[POSTP]|TokenType=Stem
32 / _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 31 punct _ AlignBegin=16756|AlignEnd=17082|TokenType=Break
33 a- _ PRON PNG Number=Sing|Person=1 34 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=17082|AlignEnd=17217|GE=[1SG]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
34 sʔa _ VERB V1 Aspect=Perf|VerbClass=1|Voice=Mid 36 parataxis:obj _ AlignBegin=17217|AlignEnd=17352|GE=sit[MID].[PFV]|Gloss=sit|ReportedSpeech=Yes|RX=[V1].[DER]|TokenType=Stem
35 i- _ PRON PNG Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 36 subj:aff _ AlignBegin=17352|AlignEnd=17487|GE=[3SG].[M]-|RX=[PNG]-|TokenType=InflAff
36 ni _ VERB V1, IRG Aspect=Perf|VerbClass=1 0 root _ AlignBegin=17487|AlignEnd=17623|GE=say[PFV]|Gloss=say|RX=[V1].[IRG]|TokenType=Stem
37 // _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 36 punct _ AlignBegin=17623|AlignEnd=18153|TokenType=Break